(TIME.com)

Diagnosing autism currently requires hours of observation by clinicians and a far from objective series of behavioral measures, but improvements in genetic testing could make the process more efficient.

In a study published in the journal PLOS ONE, researchers from Children’s Hospital Boston describe a new experimental test to detect the developmental disorder, based on the differences in gene expression between kids with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those without the condition.

The blood-based test appears to predict autism relatively accurately, at least among boys, and has already been licensed to a company, SynapDx, for commercial development. In an e-mail statement to TIME, a spokeswoman for SynapDx said the company plans to start clinical trials of the new test in early 2013.

The new blood test for autism is intriguing, researchers say, because it seems to be at least as effective as any other genetic test for autism that doctors currently use. Scientists believe that autism has some genetic basis, based on genes that have been associated with the disorder, and the fact that the condition seems to run in families.

“A week does not go by where you don’t hear about a genetic mutation that has been linked to autism in at least a few families,” says Isaac Kohane, a pediatric endocrinologist and computer scientist at Children’s Hospital Boston, and the senior study author on the new article in PLOS ONE. Kohane is a scientific adviser for SynapDx, but says he does not own any stock in the company.

But autism is a complex condition, he says, with many possible genetic determinants. And the precise genetic mechanism, or more likely mechanisms, are still poorly understood.

But to get a better idea of which genetic changes might be most relevant to the disease, Kohane and his colleagues compared 66 patients with ASDs and 33 similar patients who were not affected by the disorder. Because they couldn’t analyze the participants’ brain tissue, they relied on their blood as a proxy for revealing any differences.

And indeed, they found certain markers in the blood of autistic participants that did not appear in those without the disorder. They traced these to 489 genes and narrowed that list down to 55 genes that could predict autism in about two-thirds of those with the disease.

“There are a lot of different mutations involved, and a lot of different pathways that seem to be involved in autism,” Kohane says. Those genetic pathways included some known to be related to learning, and some linked to immune function.

“The fact that not all kids had both, and some kids would be more abnormal in immunological pathways and others would be more abnormal in (another pathway) spoke, I think, to the genuine heterogeneity of the disease,” Kohane says.

“In that respect, autism is beginning to look a lot like what the cancer biologists are telling us about breast cancer, or lung cancer,” he says. “There may be hundreds of different molecularly defined cancers, which each have their own specific optimal treatment.” Similarly, autism spectrum disorders, too, may have diverse genetic roots, and appear clinically in slightly different ways from one patient to another.

Today, 1 in 88 kids suffers from an autism spectrum disorder, and prevalence has soared over the last 30 years, although it’s not clear why. Diagnosing the disease early is important because it allows children to take advantage of behavioral intervention programs that can lead to higher IQ scores and improvements in language. Kohane says the blood test could identify those at risk of autism well before symptoms appear around age 2, and help these children access potentially beneficial therapies.

The test, however, is still in early stages of development. Kohane says that its accuracy (at around 70% in a high-prevalence, predominantly male sample) is high enough to be clinically useful among kids with a suspected developmental disorder.

But he stresses that the test as it stands still generates too many false positives, or people mistakenly identified with the condition when in fact they don’t have it, for the test to be used as an autism screening tool among all children. If the current results are confirmed, that may take a few more years.

Autism linked to flu in moms?

This story was originally published on TIME.com.

Definition: blood brother

• 

  A bone marrow harvest. (Photo credit: Wikipedia)

  ANSWER: Yes.  The recipients blood type eventually changes to the donor type.  That means if you had a blood type of A+ prior to transplant and your donor had a blood type of O, eventually your blood type would become O.  I may take several weeks, possibly months for your original blood type to disappear, but eventually it will.

1) You want your child’s blood type to match your own or your partner’s

2) You’re Rh negative, meaning you have a blood type of A-, O-, B- or AB-

Every blood type is either positive or negative, which is a reference to the Rhesus factor (Rh) of the blood. The Rhesus factor refers to an antigen present in the blood, and people with this antigen in their blood are considered RH+( O+, A+, B+, AB+)

More than 85% of people are Rh positive. People without this antigen in their blood are Rh negative ( O-, A-, B-, AB-).

Rh type is really important with regards to pregnancy because an Rh positive child born to an Rh negative mother risks developing Rh disease.

Fact: Only Rh- women risk having children with the Rhesus factor disease; Rh+ women do not.

For an Rh negative woman to conceive an Rh positive child, she must have done so with an Rh positive father; the father, being Rh positive, would have had a 50% chance of passing on his Rh positive blood type to the child.

Preventative measures to protect against the Rhesus factor disease and their devastating effects are available.

Before you choose a sperm donor, you should get tested for your blood type if you don’t already know it. If you already know you’re Rh-, take this into consideration when searching for a sperm donor.

Fun fact: People with blood type O- are universal donors-they can donate to anyone. People with blood type AB+ are universal acceptors – they can receive blood from anyone.

Filed under: Rh Factor Tagged: ABO blood group system, Antigen, blood type ab, Bloodtype, Child, Conditions and Diseases, factor rh, HEALTH, Heart disease, Medicine, Rh blood group system, rh positive blood, rh type, rhesus, science, Sperm donation ]]> http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/07/27/does-blood-type-matter-with-sperm-donations/feed/ 3 mellissarhneg Sperm http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/07/14/possible-blood-type-digestion/ http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/07/14/possible-blood-type-digestion/#comments Sat, 14 Jul 2012 17:04:16 +0000 Mellissa B. http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/?p=2524 Continue reading →]]> Blood Type A - People with Blood Type A are more likely to be slow oxidizers.  They are more able to tolerate carbohydrates in the diet, and may not have adequate stomach acid for digesting red meat and other rich proteins.  They should avoid dairy in particular, because lectins in cow’s milk promote inflammation and mucous formation.

Blood Type O - People with Blood Type O are more likely to be fast oxidizers.  They do well on lower carbohydrate diets, and have adequate stomach acid for digesting red meat and other rich proteins.  They should avoid wheat in particular, because wheat lectins act as an insulin mimic and worsen high insulin and syndrome X.

Blood Type B - People with Blood Type B are more likely to be fast oxidizers. Both wheat and corn lectins will have a adverse effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

Blood Type AB - People with Blood Type AB are more likely to be slow oxidizers, but may be able to tolerate dairy.

Immucor out of Norcross, Georgia won FDA approval to market the 4th generation NEO blood banking system. The system is fully automated and developed for use by high throughput labs.

-Broad test menu:

ABO/Rh Typing
Weak D
Rh Phenotyping
Kell Phenotyping
Donor Confirmation
Antigen Screening
Antibody Identification (Primary Panel, D Pos Panel, D Neg Panel)
Antibody Screening (2-cell, 3-cell, & Pooled)
IgG DAT
IgG Crossmatch
CMV Screen
Platelet Antibody Screen

Is Your Blood Type A ?

When it comes to our health, most of the time we do not give our blood type a second thought. Usually we think to ourselves…I better cut this out of my diet or start working out more.  And always in the back of our heads we know we can ask our doctors for medication.  How many of you really do know your own blood type? Not just in case of this article…but for emergency, illness, etc.

Are We Genetically Programmed For Certain Disease Based Off Of Our Blood Type ?

Research conducted in Germany during the 80′s no less,  involving 13,000 volunteers concluded that there is a greater  incidence of heart disease among people who have type A blood. Some of the blood samples showed that there was a common link between erythrocytic antigens and A type blood. There was an eight year study published in the’ British Medical Journal’ involving over 7,000 men. The study also showed higher cholesterol levels in type A blood samples. Higher Cholesterol and Cardiac Infarction rates in type ‘A’ blood group On top of that…clinical research studies have shown that type A  have a naturally high level of the stress hormone cortisol and tend to produce more in response to stressful situations than other blood types. When elevated cortisol levels are released in type A’s, this often results in different stress responses such as disrupted sleep patterns, increased blood viscosity, and can promote muscle loss as well as fat gain. In extreme incidences of stress, high levels of cortisol levels in type A blood can lead to insulin resistance, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and hypothyroidism. OUCH! I am A -, and need to make some changes.

Blood Type A Evolved Long Ago

Blood Group A are believed to have evolved around 15,000 B.C. This is during the time when our ancestors settled into farming type communities. They may have consumed little meat and dairy products. Over time and ethnic blending A’s have been introduced to higher fat, meat diets. Type A’s are considered to possess low levels of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which allows better digestion of carbohydrates so their original veggie diet was more apropos.  

Neanderthal Silhouette (Photo credit: eri~ DNA sequencing is an extremely important tool in the fields of Genetics and Molecular Biology.

~ The Human Genome sequence was finished in 2001. That is 3,000,000,000 bits of information were decoded and put in order – a BIG job.

~ Now, using 38,000-year-old bone fragments, researchers have sequenced 3.7 billion base pairs of Neanderthal DNA.

~ Neanderthals are our closest relatives on the hominid family tree. We split from them about 500,000 years ago and for the next 475,000 years or so, modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted on the planet and sometimes even in the same region.

~ Neanderthals vanished about 30,000 years ago, leaving modern humans to inherit the Earth. Why humans ended up being more successful has long been a topic of debate.

~ Interestingly, the newly completed sequence shows that humans and Neanderthals have genomes that are 99.5 percent the same.

~ By comparing the human and Neanderthal genomes with that of our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, researchers hope to tell which genes changed very recently, giving modern humans an edge.

The life cycle of a Red Blood Cell.

a) Kidneys respond to a lower than normal oxygen concentration in the blood by releasing the hormone erythropoietin. 
b) Erythropoietin travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates an increase in the production of red blood cells (RBCs). 
c) The red bone marrow manufactures RBCs from stem cells that live inside the marrow. 
d) RBCs squeeze through blood vessel membranes to enter the circulation. 
e) The heart and lungs work to supply continuous movement and oxygenation of RBCs. 
f) Damaged or old RBCs are destroyed primarily by the spleen.

Filed under: Rh Factor Tagged: 1999, Astronomy, Eclipse, Eclipses Occultations and Transits, environment, Renewable, science, Solar, Solar eclipse, Southern California ]]> http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/05/21/may-2012-solar-eclipse-southern-california-view/feed/ 2 May 2012 Solar Eclipse In Souther California, USA mellissarhneg May 2012 Solar Eclipse In Souther California, USA http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/05/19/goiter-belt/ http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/05/19/goiter-belt/#comments Sat, 19 May 2012 19:55:45 +0000 Mellissa B. http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/?p=2363 Continue reading →]]>      “Several people recently have asked me about the goiter belt—what it is and what causes it. A picture that shows the area the goiter belt covers can be found at http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ozsvath/images/goiter_belt.htm. The medical world has known about this belt for over 50 years, and they’re attributed it to low iodine content in the soil. A lack of iodine in the diet causes low thyroid and goiter, which is simply swelling the thyroid gland.

     The problem with this old hypothesis about the connection between iodine and goiter is that the US has required for years that all salt in the Great Lakes Region contain supplemental iodine, yet the incidences of low thyroid across the US have not dropped as significantly as expected. Hypothyroidism is still a prevalent problem across the entire US and not only in the goiter belt. There must be some or many other factors contributing to this problem. Researchers most recently blame two things for the hypothyroidism epidemic: chemicals/toxins in the water and soil and low content of other essential minerals like selenium in our soil.

     Over the years, we’ve either released (through mining and other practices harmful to the earth) or disposed of harmful chemicals into our soil and water. Coal-mining produces dihydroxybenoic acids that lower thyroid function. Any water and soil in areas of the US near coal mines probably contains these toxins (Stephen E. Langer, Solved the Riddle of Illness).

     The CDC has done studies showing that perchlorate, a toxin from (of all things) rocket fuel is showing up in the soil of California primarily in higher than safe concentrations. This toxin actually damages the thyroid. Fire-repellant/retardant causes thyroid problems in cats, and probably in humans as well although I haven’t found a study to support it. In the end, it’s really hard to diagnose what is causing the thyroid problems because it could be any number of chemicals from any number of sources. Sometimes, it’s simply necessary to take medication to counteract the effects of these and other unknown toxins.

     The second blaming factor for hypothyroidism in the US is the lack of other essential minerals and vitamins in our soil and our diets that make it impossible for our bodies to convert T4 into T3 and other usable forms of thyroid hormone. Dr. David Brownstein gives a short list of these in his book Overcoming Thyroid Disorders: some of the lacking minerals and vitamins are iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12. As much as the FDA doesn’t like the idea of people using vitamin supplements, in some regions of the country, it may be necessary to make up for soil depletion.

     I wish there was an easy way to find out which vitamins and minerals your soil is lacking, but I don’t think there is. It might be best just to supplement, but look up the problems associated with taking too much of any one of these vitamins/minerals and notice if you start having any of those symptoms. Remember, taking too much of any vitamin or mineral is as bad as not having enough. Too much iodine can actually cause thyroiditis.”

Actual article – http://learnendocrinology.blogspot.com/2009/02/goiter-belt.html?m=1

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Weight gain or increased difficulty losing weight
• Coarse, dry hair
• Dry, rough pale skin
• Hair loss
• Cold intolerance (you can’t tolerate cold temperatures like those around you)
• Muscle cramps and frequent muscle aches
• Constipation
• Depression
• Irritability
• Memory loss
• Abnormal menstrual cycles
• Decreased libido

So, the company withdrew their vaccines despite polio vaccines produced by other manufacturers also causing paralysis in this outbreak.

Lawsuits regarding The Cutter Polio Vaccine, and other lab brands…

“1958 Verdict of $147,000 rendered against Cutter Laboratories in Calfornia for the crippling of two children with the Salk poliovaccine. Cutter Labs was the only vaccine manufacturer not part of the Rockefeller Trust.

A case against Wyeth Laboratories – another of the vaccine manufacturers – from 1968 which makes reference to a second suit against Cutter Laboratories:

“In this respect our case differs from Gottsdanker v. Cutter Laboratories, 182 Cal.App.2d 602, 6 Cal.Rptr. 320, 79 A.L.R.2d 290 (1960), involving the Salk vaccine. There harm resulted because through inadequate testing procedures live virus remained in a product from which they supposedly had been eliminated.”

Gottsdanker V. Cutter Laboratories:

“At issue in the Gottsdanker case was a polio vaccine, which was alleged to have caused poliomyelitis in two children shortly after they were inoculated.  The court held that while in food cases there typically existed a familial relationship between the purchasers and consumers, in the case of vaccinations, it is clearly the patient and not the doctor who is the ultimate consumer of the vaccine.  The court held that “while a sale is essential to impose liability under the implied warranties, the initial sale to distributor or retailer of pharmaceuticals is sufficient to impose upon the manufacturer the responsibility of fulfilling the implied warranties which run to the benefit of the persons whom the manufacturer intended to be, and who in fact became, the ‘consumers.”

What is Polio ?

Polio is a viral disease which may affect the spinal cord causing muscle weakness and paralysis. The polio virus enters the body through the mouth, usually from hands contaminated with the stool of an infected person. Polio is more common in infants and young children and occurs under conditions of poor hygiene. Paralysis is more common and more severe when infection occurs in older individuals.

 

Women

A
- thinks about her lover all the time
- can’t have sex without love
- not sexually adventurous
- can be difficult to seduce
- when she falls in love, she falls deeply in love, and will develop strong feelings, even if having an affair
- will take revenge if betrayed

B
- falls passionately in love but doesn’t show it
- social butterfly so often gets asked out on dates
- tends to be romantic, so sometimes disappointed when men don’t live up to her expectations
- sexually adventurous and open to sex in love hotels and in the morning or afternoon
- tends to be self-centered and puts herself before her lover
- likes to be on top

O
- pure, romantic, and passionate
- has a strong maternal instinct
- tends to be extremely jealous
- likes to try out new sex positions and can easily get bored in bed
- very fickle; sometimes wants sex 2 or 3 times a day & at other times can happily go for months without making love

AB

- wears heart on their sleeve
- has a tendency to be the more dominant in a relationship
- wants to be liked and loved
- when in love, loves that person totally with all their heart and remains loyal
- likes to be adventurous but more so out of the bedroom

Men

A

- love their partner sincerely and tend to be monogamous
- not good at expressing feelings
- often hesitant to approach women
- rarely fall in love at first sight
- sexually considerate and become absorbed in satisfying their partner
- don’t lose interest in their lover after sex
- associate sex with marriage & have an unfortunate tendency to marry women they don’t love out of a sense of responsibility

B

- open and honest with women
- attracted to individualistic, unconventional women
- tends to be attracted to many different women & has affairs which end his previous relationship(s)
- likes some drama in his love life
- separates sex and love and can have sex that is purely physical
- tends to be sexually adventurous and attracted to a wide variety of women

O

- able to express his feelings without embarrassment
- makes great efforts to overcome obstacles in relationships but tends to be inconsiderate & push too hard
- believes that sex is natural and essential to humans
- uses love for things like promotions at work or may marry for money
- has too much confidence and may be sexually aggressive
- makes a good first impression, but is actually not romantic

AB

- very sensitive and loving
- often goes to dating services because he is too shy to ask women out directly
- tends to be romantic and expects to meet his soul mate
- thinks of sex as a hobby
- likes to try new sexual positions and have sex in different places
- waits to proposition a woman until he has confirmed that she wants to have sex too

As with any tissue, blood types have to work together to be the best match.

*Blood Type Calculator

Fetal Blood Tests are done safely using a small amount of blood from the mother…Why medicate with RhoGAM if there is NO need?

• Why People Do NOT Donate Blood - TOP REASONS 

   

  I don’t like needles 

  Nearly everyone feels that way at first. However, most donors will tell you that you feel only a slight initial pinch, and 7-10 minutes later, you are finished and headed for the canteen. If you take the time (and courage) to make one donation, you’ll wonder why you ever hesitated.

  I am too busy

  The entire process takes about an hour, and the actual blood donation time is only 7-10 minutes. If you stop to think that an hour of your time could mean a lifetime for a premature baby, someone with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, or someone who’s had an accident, you might decide that you can make the time to give the gift of life.

  No-one ever asked me… I didn’t realize my blood was needed

  Consider yourself asked! There is simply no other way to supply the blood needs of hospital patients but for the generous donations of people like you. Every two seconds someone in your country needs blood.

  I already gave this year

  You can give every 56 days. Many donors give 5 times a year!

  I am afraid I’ll get AIDS

  It is not possible to get AIDS by donating blood. A new sterile needle is usually used for each donor and discarded afterwards. This is the recommended process.

  My blood isn’t the right type

  Every type of blood is needed daily to meet patient needs. If you have a common blood type, there are many patients who need it, so it is in high demand. If you have a less common blood type, there are fewer donors available to give it, so it is in short supply.

  I don’t have any blood to spare

  The average adult body has 10-12 pints of blood. Doctors say that healthy adults may give regularly because the body quickly replaces the blood you donate.

  I don’t want to feel weak afterward

  Donating blood should not affect adversely a healthy adult because your body has plenty of blood. You will donate less than one pint, and your body, which constantly makes new blood, will replace the donated volume within 24 hours. Most people continue their usual activities after donating.

  They won’t want my blood (I am too old / I’ve had an illness)

  If you have doubts, check with your physician. The qualified staff on duty at a blood drive or donor center will also review your medical history with you. There is no upper age limit to donate blood, and a great many medical conditions do not prevent you from donating blood, or may have done so only temporarily in the past.

  I have a rare blood type, so I’ll wait until there is a special need

  Blood that is rare or special is almost always in short supply. There is a constant need for these blood types in order to avoid having to recruit specific blood types in a crisis.

When the blood of two people is mixed together, it clumps or forms visible chunks in the liquid plasma. The red blood cells become sticky and clump together.  

This is what agglutination looks like

This is also how an Eldon Card for testing blood type will look when typing your blood. The Agglutinated circle shows you what blood type you are.

Here are a couple model pictures to show how agglutination occurs between antibodies and antigens on the surface of our red blood cells (RBC’s)

http://www.allaboutgemstones.com/gemstone_cutting_history.html

     When it comes to Chimps and Gorillas there are a lot of similarities between them and humans. Numerous studies on blood types, showed Chimpanzees have the blood type A and a very small amount of O, and they never have blood type B.  Several studies indicated Gorillas have the blood type B and a very small amount of O, and never type A. Interesting enough, blood type AB is not found in either Gorillas or Chimpanzees. But types A, B, O and AB are readily found in human beings. Regardless of the fact there is a smaller amount of O present in both Chimps and Gorillas, I still find it interesting that O does exist with them. I also find it interesting that two human blood type A’s can give rise to an O, two human blood type B’s can give rise to an O, and that two human blood type O’s can ONLY make O. 

Link to Chart —>http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/esp_ciencia_life24.htm

Click link —> Blood groups of anthropoid apes and their relationship to humanblood groups STUDY

1. Size: This is the most clear way to tell chromosomes apart.
2. Banding pattern: Also called, Giemsa bands on the chromosomes make each pair unique.
3. Centromere position: These are areas on chromosomes that look banded. They have a role in the separation of chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).

Using these identifiers, scientists can match up the 23 pairs of Chromosomes. One set from the mother and one set from the father.

About Centromeres…

Positioning of the centromere in correlation to the end of the chromosome helps scientists tell chromosomes apart.

Blood Type is found on Chromosome 1  

In the case of Rh Negative blood type, one of the bands is completely missing thus giving us the Rh Neg. blood type. The Rh factor is found on the short arm portion of the Chromosome.

Blood Type A, most commonly seen in: Blackfoot Indians, Sami People, The Andamanese, The Kikuyu, Armenian‘s and Maoris.

* Please click on the highlighted links above for more information regarding the individual groups of people.

Chart based on out of 100 people

Blackfoot

Blood Type B, most commonly seen in: The Kalmuks, Hungarians, Koreans, Japanese, and in Bombay.

* Click the highlighted links above for more information related to a particular group of people.

Chart based on out of 100 people

Kalmuks

Blood Type O, most common in: Brazilian Bororo, The Shompen, Mayas, Peruvians, The Navajo, & the Nicobarese.

* Click the highlighted links above for more information regarding the particular group of people.

Chart based on out of 100

Bororo

Blood Type AB, most common in: Tartars, people in Bombay, The Koreans, Hungarians, Czechs, and The Polish.

* Please click on the highlighted links above for more information regarding the individual groups of people.

Chart based on out of 100 people

Tartars

~Data collected from THE Blood Bank~

Related articles

• Top 6 Groups Of People With A, B, AB, & O Blood (rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com)

“Welcome to the Mapping Anthropology at UC Berkeley Project. You can perform searches on the entire collection of dissertations performed in the Anthropology Department at UC Berkeley since 1901. Where available, direct links to the Berkeley library holdings and complete UMI digital texts are displayed for each record.”

you can enter your own blood types or suspected blood types

Click here —> Blood Type Calculator

. . .

Click to see —> Panda Blood Video Link

* Interesting story about a Chinese woman (PKGZhou Xiaojuan) having and donating rare “Panda Blood”.  Her Type?  A Rh-

     Did You Know?

• Blood type is inherited, just like eye color.
• Different animals have different types of blood. Dogs have 4 blood types, cats 11, and cows have about 800.
• Some people believe that blood type tells about a perons personality. Supposedly, Type A is calm and trustworthy – Type B is creative and excitable –  Type AB is thoughtful and emotional – and Type O is a confident leader.
• In Japan, the idea of blood type as personality type is very popular. The Japanese ask “What’s your blood type?” as often as Americans ask “What’s your sign?”

http://www.zrtlab.com/test-kits/saliva-testing-kits.html

Filed under: Rh Factor Tagged: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biology, Biomolecules, Blood test, Diagnosis, disease, Hematology, human saliva, Protein, protein pathways, Proteins and Enzymes, Proteomics, Saliva, saliva testing, salivary proteins ]]> http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/03/17/salivary-proteins-used-for-blood-disease-typing/feed/ 0 images-22 mellissarhneg saliva test http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/03/09/blood-typing-facts/ http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/2012/03/09/blood-typing-facts/#comments Sat, 10 Mar 2012 03:26:12 +0000 Mellissa B. http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/?p=1744 Continue reading →]]>

(In the highlighted cells both the parents are Rh+ but carry a recessive Rh- allele. Statistically they will produce an Rh- child 25% of the time.)

Statistical Percentages of Rh Negative Blood

Suggestions for Blood Type AB skin…Green Tea, Apple Tea, Lime oil, Grapefruit Oil, Lavender Oil, Rosemary Eucalyptus, Chamomile

Suggestions for Blood Type A skin… Ylang Ylang, Bergamot, Peppermint, Lime, Grapefruit, Green Tea, Lavender, Chamomile

Suggestions for Blood Type B skin… Green Tea, Apple Tea, Grapefruit Oil, Lavender Oil, Rosemary Eucalyptus, Chamomile

Suggestions for Blood Type O skin… Peppermint, Rosemary, Lavender, Chamomile, Geranium, Apple

You might be surprised to find out that the skin is the bodies largest organ!  No matter how you think of it, your skin is very important. Skin protects our bodies, helps regulate body temperature, and enables us to have a sense of touch.

“The present study sought to expand the limited evidence that sexual orientation is influenced by genetic factors. This was accomplished by seeking statistical differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals for four traits that are known to be genetically determined: eye color, natural hair color, blood type, and the Rhesus factor. Using a sample of over 7,000 U.S. and Canadian college students supplemented with additional homosexual subjects obtained through internet contacts, we found no significant differences between heterosexuals and homosexuals regarding eye color or hair color. In the case of blood type and the Rh factor, however, interesting patterns emerged. Heterosexual males and females exhibited statistically identical frequencies of the A blood type, while gay men exhibited a relatively low incidence and lesbians had a relatively high incidence (p < .05). In the case of the Rh factor, unusually high proportions of homosexuals of both sexes were Rh- when compared to heterosexuals (p < .06). The findings suggest that a connection may exist between sexual orientation and genes both on chromosome 9 (where blood type is determined) and on chromosome 1 (where the Rh factor is regulated).”

Link to the Abstract below…

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18074215

* Please take a moment to vote below on our poll regarding blood type & your birth month.

This should be interesting…

http://rhesusnegativebloodgroup.com/poll-birth-month-blood-type-correlation/

Blood Type A, most commonly seen in: Blackfoot Indians, Sami People, The Andamanese, The Kikuyu, Armenian‘s and Maoris.

* Please click on the highlighted links above for more information regarding the individual groups of people.

Chart based on out of 100 people

Blackfoot

Blood Type B, most commonly seen in: The Kalmuks, Hungarians, Koreans, Japanese, and in Bombay.

* Click the highlighted links above for more information related to a particular group of people.

Chart based on out of 100 people

Kalmuks

Blood Type O, most common in: Brazilian Bororo, The Shompen, Mayas, Peruvians, The Navajo, & the Nicobarese.

* Click the highlighted links above for more information regarding the particular group of people.

Chart based on out of 100

Bororo

Blood Type AB, most common in: Tartars, people in Bombay, The Koreans, Hungarians, Czechs, and The Polish.

* Please click on the highlighted links above for more information regarding the individual groups of people.

Chart based on out of 100 people

Tartars

~Data collected from THE Blood Bank~

     Looking into past blood test requirements I found out that: In the 1930s & 40s, blood testing to screen for syphilis and or rubella became a prerequisite for obtaining a marriage license in most states.Sexually transmitted diseases were extremely common during that time. Premarital blood tests identified those who were infected and gave them a chance to seek medical treatment before infecting their future spouse. While rubella is not a serious disease for adults, it can be extremely dangerous to an unborn fetus. Premarital testing for rubella was designed to protect the health of a newlywed couple’s unborn children.

     This raises the question “Why don’t all states require blood testing still?  With increased infection rates of HIV/AIDS, Herpes, etc.  this appears to be a healthy provision. It is my understanding that the goal to keep the majority healthy and safe is to prevent further spread of such disease…

Click this link to the CDC for more information on disease statistics.

     In January 1793, the king of France, Louis XVI was executed for high treason. It is told that many citizens went up onto the scaffold to moisten their handkerchiefs in the blood and kept them as a souvenir of his execution. Researchers from Bologna University analyzed the blood from one of these handkerchiefs and observed that its genetics could match those of the French king. For example the “blue eye” color gene.

     The renowned gourd, owned by a Bologna family for over a century has a value of 2 million euros. The gourd shows the portraits of some of the leading figures of the French Revolution. For instance: Georges Danton, Maximilien Robespierre, Llitera Desmoulins, Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Jean-Paul Marat, Queen Marie-Antoinette and Louis XVI himself.     The text next to the pictures on the gourd, tells the story of one of the witnesses during the execution, which is of particular interest. Thanks to the  text, we know that Maximilien Bourdaloue moistened his handkerchief in the blood, placed it inside the gourd and ordered the Parisian artist Jean Roux to decorate it, which he finished on 18 September 1793.

     The inscription on the gourd backs up the long held story that the handkerchief was dipped in the blood of the King during his execution…giving some validity.

*** I am curious as to what his blood type was… Interesting story.

Appears to be no AB – amongst the Native Americans and Aborigines…

The life cycle of a Red Blood Cell.

a) Kidneys respond to a lower than normal oxygen concentration in the blood by releasing the hormone erythropoietin. 
b) Erythropoietin travels to the red bone marrow and stimulates an increase in the production of red blood cells (RBCs). 
c) The red bone marrow manufactures RBCs from stem cells that live inside the marrow. 
d) RBCs squeeze through blood vessel membranes to enter the circulation. 
e) The heart and lungs work to supply continuous movement and oxygenation of RBCs. 
f) Damaged or old RBCs are destroyed primarily by the spleen.

Group A and B Subgroups

The serum of group B persons contains two antibodies: anti A and anti A₁. By proper absorption, the two antibodies can be separated. Cells of group A that react with anti A₁ are part of the subgroup A₁. Cells that react with anti A but not with antiA₁  fall into subgroups weaker than A₁, thus being classified as A₂.

Subgroup A_{1 : Makes up to 80 Percent of the A gene pool and most of the H is changed to A antigen because of the large number of antigen sites on the cells.}

Subgroup A_{2: make up 20 percent of the A gene pool, and have less H changed to A antigen because of the smaller amount of sites on the cells compared to A1. Could produce anti A1.} 

*** Subgroups of B are rare in most populations. They are usually recognized by variations in the strength of a reaction with anti B. There is no reagent available to distinguish among them. The patient’s serum may contain anti B antibodies.

ABO antibodies and antigens

Antibodies produced by exposure to antigens  (bacteria and plants) are not seen until four to six months old. The anti A and anti B found in the serum of a newborns is of maternal origin. In healthy individuals, ABO antibodies are always present peaking at age five to ten years.

Percentage of ABO Antigens and Antibodies in United States Populations

***ABO antigen frequency can vary in other populations with different ethnic mixes.

Link

Genotype Diet, Allergies, etc. for A1, A2, B, & O Types

The ONLY True Universal Blood Donor 

~ ~ ~

FACTS ABOUT BOMBAY BLOOD:

 1. This type is commonly mistaken as type O

2.  It can be Rh positive (Rh+) or  Rh negative (Rh-)

3.  It is lacking the H antigen that we all have

4. ONLY 179 people in India have this type

5. ONLY 4 people in India are reported as having Rh- type of Bombay (hh-)

~ ~ ~

Understanding The Bombay Blood Group:

When we say someone has blood group A, it means the person has antigen of type A and antibody of type B in their blood. People with AB have both antigen A and B in their blood and no antibodies.

People with O blood group have only antibodies A and B and no antigens. 

It is not generally known that all these groups have an H antigen in the blood as well. There are very few people who do not have this antigen H also in their blood. These people are known to have BOMBAY BLOOD.

Why does Bombay Blood Group  generally type as O?

Most places where blood type tests are done, the presence & absence of AB and Rh alone is tested in the blood. Bombay Blood Group does not have A or B antigens, it types as O blood. It is only when a specific test for H antigen is done that it can be differentiated between O and Bombay Blood group.

Bombay Blood is the ONLY true Universal Donor…they also can only receive blood from their own type.

Image by abekat via Flickr

The human genome is the complete list of coded instructions needed to make a human.

~ There are 4 types of nucleotide base: A- adenine, T- thymine, C- cytosine, G- guanine.

~ The total number of human genes is estimated to be between 30,000 – 40,000.

~ Worms have 19,098 genes, fruit flies have 13,602 and yeast has 6,034.

~ The vast majority of the DNA in the genome (>97%) has no known function.

~ The functions remain unknown for over 50% of discovered genes.

~ Chromosome 1 has the most genes (2,968) and chromosome Y has the least (231).

~ There are 100 trillion cells in your body.

~ If unwound and tied together, the strands of DNA in one cell would stretch 6 feet.

~ 12,000 letters of DNA are decoded by human genome project computers every second.

~ The entire human genome requires more than 3 gigabytes of computer storage space.

~ To sequence the human genome, researchers collected a large number of blood samples from females and sperm from males. A few of these samples were then chosen at random for sequencing. The identities of the sample sources have never been disclosed, either to the donors or to the scientists. 

The Neanderthal Genome Project

~ DNA sequencing is an extremely important tool in the fields of Genetics and Molecular Biology. This article explains the complicated process quite well.

~ The Human Genome sequence was finished in 2001. That is 3,000,000,000 bits of information were decoded and put in order – a BIG job.

~ Now, using 38,000-year-old bone fragments, researchers have sequenced 3.7 billion base pairs of Neanderthal DNA.

~ Neanderthals are our closest relatives on the hominid family tree. We split from them about 500,000 years ago and for the next 475,000 years or so, modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted on   the planet and sometimes even in the same region.

~ Neanderthals vanished about 30,000 years ago, leaving modern humans to inherit the Earth. Why humans ended up being more successful has long been a topic of debate.

~ Interestingly, the newly completed sequence shows that humans and Neanderthals have genomes that are 99.5 percent the same.

~ By comparing the human and Neanderthal genomes with that of our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, researchers hope to tell which genes changed very recently, giving modern humans an edge.

you can enter your own blood types or suspected blood types

Blood Type Calculator

. . .

The power of stems cells are great.

What is artificial blood?

Blood produced from stem cells and can be manufactured as type “O-negative”, which is produced by only 7 % of the World and is suitable for use in up to 98 % of population.

A success story…

“A French doctor has completed the first-ever artificial blood transfusion after extracting stem cells from a patient‘s bone marrow, which were then used to grow the red blood cells under laboratory settings. After five days, 94 to 100 percent of the blood cells remained circulating in the body. After 26 days, 41 to 63 percent remained, which is a normal survival rate for naturally produced blood cells. The cells carried oxygen throughout the patient’s body, just as normal red blood cells would.”

What is Oxygent?

Often used as an “additive” during blood transfusions…

One of the newest chemical blood type products known as an artificial blood addictive. Synthetic substitutes for human blood have been a goal for a long time.