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Immucor out of Norcross, Georgia won FDA approval to market the 4th generation NEO blood banking system. The system is fully automated and developed for use by high throughput labs. -Broad test menu: ABO/Rh Typing Weak D Rh Phenotyping Kell Phenotyping … Continue reading
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Agglutination: When the blood of two people is mixed together, it clumps or forms visible chunks in the liquid plasma. The red blood cells become sticky and clump together. This is what agglutination looks like … Continue reading
Group A and B Subgroups
The serum of group B persons contains two antibodies: anti A and anti A1. By proper absorption, the two antibodies can be separated. Cells of group A that react with anti A1 are part of the subgroup A1. Cells that react with anti A but not with antiA1 fall into subgroups weaker than A1, thus being classified as A2.
Subgroup A1 : Makes up to 80 Percent of the A gene pool and most of the H is changed to A antigen because of the large number of antigen sites on the cells.
Subgroup A2: make up 20 percent of the A gene pool, and have less H changed to A antigen because of the smaller amount of sites on the cells compared to A1. Could produce anti A1.
*** Subgroups of B are rare in most populations. They are usually recognized by variations in the strength of a reaction with anti B. There is no reagent available to distinguish among them. The patient’s serum may contain anti B antibodies.
ABO antibodies and antigens
Antibodies produced by exposure to antigens (bacteria and plants) are not seen until four to six months old. The anti A and anti B found in the serum of a newborns is of maternal origin. In healthy individuals, ABO antibodies are always present peaking at age five to ten years.
Percentage of ABO Antigens and Antibodies in United States Populations
| Group | Red Cell Antigens | Antibodies | % of U.S. Population |
| O | No A or B antigens | Anti A, Anti B, & Anti A,B | 50 |
| AB | A & B | No antibodies | 4 |
| A1 | A & A1 | Anti B | 30 |
| A2 | A | Anti B (may develop anti A1) | 1 |
| B | B | Anti A & Anti A1 | 15 |
***ABO antigen frequency can vary in other populations with different ethnic mixes.
Link
Genotype Diet, Allergies, etc. for A1, A2, B, & O Types
The ONLY True Universal Blood Donor
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FACTS ABOUT BOMBAY BLOOD:
1. This type is commonly mistaken as type O
2. It can be Rh positive (Rh+) or Rh negative (Rh-)
3. It is lacking the H antigen that we all have
4. ONLY 179 people in India have this type
5. ONLY 4 people in India are reported as having Rh- type of Bombay (hh-)
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Understanding The Bombay Blood Group:
When we say someone has blood group A, it means the person has antigen of type A and antibody of type B in their blood. People with AB have both antigen A and B in their blood and no antibodies.
People with O blood group have only antibodies A and B and no antigens.
It is not generally known that all these groups have an H antigen in the blood as well. There are very few people who do not have this antigen H also in their blood. These people are known to have BOMBAY BLOOD.
Why does Bombay Blood Group generally type as O?
Most places where blood type tests are done, the presence & absence of AB and Rh alone is tested in the blood. Bombay Blood Group does not have A or B antigens, it types as O blood. It is only when a specific test for H antigen is done that it can be differentiated between O and Bombay Blood group.
Bombay Blood is the ONLY true Universal Donor…they also can only receive blood from their own type.
